How Earthworms Work

Lots More Information

Related Articles

• How Composting Works
• How Vermicomposting Works
• How Organic Farming Works
• What is fertilizer and why do plants need it?

More Great Links

• U.S. Department of Agriculture -- Natural Resource Conservation Service
• National Geographic: The Common Earthworm
• University of Pennsylvania: Earthworms

Sources

• Backman, Paul. "Earthworm casting creates maintenance nightmare." Grounds Maintenance. July 1, 1999. http://www.wormdigest.org/content/view/112/2/
• Barrett, Thomas J. "Harnessing the Earthworm." Bruce Humphries: Boston, 1947. http://www.herper.com/earthworms/earthworms-breeding-habits.html
• Bugg, Robert L. "Earthworm update." Sustainable Agriculture/Technical Reviews. 1994. http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/worms/update.htm
• Conrad, Jim. "Earthworms." The Backyard Nature Website. May 17, 2010. http://www.backyardnature.net/earthwrm.htm
• Darwin, C.R. "The formation of vegetable mould, through the action of worms, with oberservations on their habits." London: John Murray. 1881. http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1357&viewtype=side&pageseq=1
• Discovery Kids. "Worm world: Eddie earthworm." Accessed Sept. 12, 2011. http://yucky.discovery.com/flash/worm/pg000216.html
• University of Illinois Extension Service. "Worm facts." Urban Programs Resource Network. Accessed Sept. 12, 2011. http://urbanext.illinois.edu/worms/facts/index.html
• Earthworm Society of Britain. "Earthworm diversity." Accessed November 27, 2011. http://www.earthwormsoc.org.uk/earthworm-information/earthworm-diversity1
• Edwards, Clive Arthur. "Earthworm ecology." CRC Press 2004. http://books.google.com/books?id=7mHvxY-1BKsC&pg=PA409&lpg=PA409&dq=preferred+conditions+earthworms&source=bl&ots=FKdQMKH34M&sig=nP1PcaJo494wrCSew3y9Spy08OQ&hl=en&ei=7aHTTtjcBOLq0gGJ_YjNBg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=8&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=preferred%20conditions%20earthworms&f=false
• Edwards, Clive A. "The Soil Biology Primer: Chapter 8: earthworms." Ohio State University. Accessed Sept. 12, 2011. http://soils.usda.gov/sqi/concepts/soil_biology/earthworms.html
• Gersper, et al. "Cuban agriculture looks to vermiculture." The Cultivar. Summer 1993. http://www.fadr.msu.ru/rodale/agsieve/txt/vol7/art1.html
• Great Lakes Worm Watch. "Forest ecology and worms: plants." University of Minnesota. Accessed Nov. 28, 2011. http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/forest/plants_herb.html
• Great Lakes Worm Watch. "Worm identification: earthworm ecological groups." University of Minnesota. Accessed Nov. 28, 2011. http://www.nrri.umn.edu/worms/identification/ecology_groups.html
• Green-Pik. "Worms, humus, harvest." Accessed Nov. 27, 2011. http://www.green-pik.eu/en/knowledgebase/21-vihmaussid-huumus-saak
• Holdsworth, Andy, et al. "Invasive earthworms." Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. March 2003. http://www.dnr.state.mn.us/invasives/terrestrialanimals/earthworms/index.htmls
• Kinver, Mark. "Alien worm invasion 'threat to forests'." Sept. 6, 2011. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14788783
• Lenet, Ryan. "Earthworms." University of Pennsylvania. Accessed Sept. 12, 2011. http://www.sas.upenn.edu/~rlenet/Earthworms.html
• Martin, J.P., Black, J.H., and Hawthorne, R. M. "Earthworm biology." Florida Cooperative Extension Service. June 2005. http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/IN/IN04700.pdf
• Muratake, Satoko. "Effects of exotic earthworms on Northern hardwood forests in North America." Restoration and Reclamation Review. Fall 2003. http://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/60216/1/8.1.Muratake.pdf
• Raskoff, Kevin A., PhD. "6: Annelid." Monterrey Peninsula College. Accessed Nov. 25, 2011. http://www.mpcfaculty.net/kevin_raskoff/classes/biology22/6Annelid.pdf
• Samuels, Sam Hooper. "Alien earthworms' offspring thrive, and alter, US soil." New York Times. Aug. 29, 2000. http://partners.nytimes.com/library/national/science/082900sci-animal-worm.html
• Southwest Wildlife. "Aestivation." 2007. http://www.southwestwildlife.org/pdf/Selected_topics/aestivationr.pdf
• Tomlin, Alan C. "Earthworm biology." Worm Digest. Feb. 19, 2006. http://www.wormdigest.org/content/view/200/2/
• Turpin, Tom. "On six legs: Springtime flies are parasites of earthworms." Purdue University Extension Service. April 23, 2009. http://www.agriculture.purdue.edu/agcomm/newscolumns/archives/OSL/2009/April/090423OSL.html
• Washington State University. "Composting with redworms." Accessed Nov. 28, 2011. http://whatcom.wsu.edu/ag/compost/redwormsedit.htm
• Werner, Matthew and Bugg, Robert. "Earthworms: renewers of agroecosystems." Sustainable Agriculture. Fall 1990. http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/NEWSLTR/v3n1/sa-9.htm
• Werner, Matthew R. "Earthworm ecology and sustaining agriculture." Components. Fall 1990. http://www.sarep.ucdavis.edu/worms/werner.htm
• Wormman.com. Redworms for composting or for feeding pets." Accessed Nov. 25, 2011. http://www.wormman.com/pd_red.cfm